In this talk, the speaker will present recent advances in the study of QCD under extreme conditions, where strong magnetic fields, high temperatures, and densities drive the system into complex regimes. He will discuss photon production catalysed by external magnetic fields, the structure of the QCD phase diagram, and the dispersive properties of gauge bosons in dense, hot, and magnetised media, focusing on equilibrium scenarios. He will then introduce recent progress in non-equilibrium cases, where scientists have developed an effective model to describe QED and QCD media in the presence of magnetic and thermal fluctuations. This framework provides insights into the effective masses of fermions and gauge bosons, the deconfinement temperature, and photon production mechanisms beyond equilibrium descriptions.