The report considers the past, present, and future of nuclear power industry. The technological possibility of using nuclear power to respond to global challenges facing humanity is discussed. The low-carbon energy generated by nuclear power plants can be used not only for electricity production, but also for heating, water desalination, and energy-intensive production of clean energy carriers (hydrogen, ammonia). The development of low-capacity nuclear power plants solves the problem of providing low-carbon electricity and heat to isolated and hard-to-reach areas without having a negative impact on the environment. The development of reactor technologies with a closed nuclear fuel cycle removes restrictions on the resource base, opening up the possibility of its large-scale use over hundreds of years.