Journal of Instrumentation published an article by Deputy Head of the VBLHEP Accelerator Department for Scientific Work Valery Lebedev on methods of heavy particle cooling for high energy colliders in the energy range of the RHIC-based ep-collider.

There are two major methods of the cooling: the electron cooling and stochastic cooling. The latter can be additionally separated into the microwave stochastic cooling, the optical stochastic cooling (OSC), and the coherent electron cooling (CEC). OSC and CEC are essentially extensions of microwave stochastic cooling operating in 1–10 GHz frequency range to the optical frequencies corresponding to 30–300 THz frequency range. The OSC uses undulators as a pickup and a kicker, and an optical amplifier for signal amplification, while the CEC uses an electron beam for all these functions.